A Novel Beamformed Control Channel Design for LTE with Full Dimension-MIMO

The Full Dimension-MIMO (FD-MIMO) technology is capable of achieving huge improvements in network throughput with simultaneous connectivity of a large number of mobile wireless devices, unmanned aerial vehicles, and the Internet of Things (IoT). In FD-MIMO, with a large number of antennae at the base station and the ability to perform beamforming, the capacity of the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) has increased a lot. However, the current specifications of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) does not allow the base station to perform beamforming techniques for the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), and hence, PDCCH has neither the capacity nor the coverage of PDSCH. Therefore, PDCCH capacity will still limit the performance of a network as it dictates the number of users that can be scheduled at a given time instant. In Release 11, 3GPP introduced enhanced PDCCH (EPDCCH) to increase the PDCCH capacity at the cost of sacrificing the PDSCH resources. The problem of enhancing the PDCCH capacity within the available control channel resources has not been addressed yet in the literature. Hence, in this paper, we propose a novel beamformed PDCCH (BF-PDCCH) design which is aligned to the 3GPP specifications and requires simple software changes at the base station. We rely on the sounding reference signals transmitted in the uplink to decide the best beam for a user and ingeniously schedule the users in PDCCH. We perform system level simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed design and show that the proposed BF-PDCCH achieves larger network throughput when compared with the current state of art algorithms, PDCCH and EPDCCH schemes

NANOSPONGES: A REVIEW

The recent advance in nanotechnology has lead to the development of targeted drug delivery system. However, targeting a molecule to a particular site using a drug delivery system effectively requires a specialized drug delivery system. The discovery of nanosponge has become a significant step in overcoming certain problems such as drug toxicity, poor bioavailability and release of drug in a predictable fashion as they can accommodate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug. Nanosponges exhibit a porous structure in nature which has the unique ability to entrap the drug moieties and offers a merit of desire release. Nanosponges are tiny sponges that can circulate in the body to reach the specific site and binds on the surface to release the drug in a controlled and predictable manner. Nanosponges can be formulated by crosslinking of cyclodextrine with carbonyl or di-carboxylate (Crosslinkers). Nano sponge's technology has been explored widely for the delivery of drugs for oral administration, topical administration, and parental administration. Nanosponges can also serve as an effective carrier for enzyme, proteins, vaccine and antibodies. The present review highlights the method of preparation, characterization and their potential application in drug delivery system

Zirconia: Substitute for Metal Ceramics

In the search for the ultimate esthetic restorative material, many all-ceramic systems have been proposed. Dental research is nowadays directed toward metal-free prosthetic restorations in order to improve an esthetical outcome of crown and bridge restorations. Zirconia is a polycrystalline ceramic without a glassy phase and exists in several forms. Zirconia cores for fixed partial dentures (FPD) on anterior and posterior teeth and on implants are now available. This article is a review of zirconia crowns as replacement for conventional metal-ceramic crowns

Implementation of Monte Carlo Simulation in Evaluation of Uncertainty of Measurement of a Force Transducer

271-276Force transducers have prominently been utilized in numerous scientific, industrial and metrological applications since decades. They have been developed for the measurement of force in lower as well as the higher capacity to fulfil the industrial and technological requirements. Generally, a force transducer is calibrated as per standard process. For the better perceptive, there is a need of well defined calibration procedure in an organized structure according to standard ISO 376-2011. Also, factors affecting the uncertainty of measurement using law of propagation (LPU) method and their analysis have been discussed. The relative uncertainty contributions due to different factors have been explained with suitable mathematical expression. An alternative approach for evaluating uncertainty of measurement is Monte Carlo Simulation Method (MCS) that assigns probability distribution function (PDF) to input quantities and output. Efforts have been accomplished to determine uncertainty of measurement of force transducer using both methods

Implementation of Monte Carlo Simulation in Evaluation of Uncertainty of Measurement of a Force Transducer

Force transducers have prominently been utilized in numerous scientific, industrial and metrological applications since decades. They have been developed for the measurement of force in lower as well as the higher capacity to fulfil the industrial and technological requirements. Generally, a force transducer is calibrated as per standard process. For the better perceptive, there is a need of well defined calibration procedure in an organized structure according to standard ISO 376-2011. Also, factors affecting the uncertainty of measurement using law of propagation (LPU) method and their analysis have been discussed. The relative uncertainty contributions due to different factors have been explained with suitable mathematical expression. An alternative approach for evaluating uncertainty of measurement is Monte Carlo Simulation Method (MCS) that assigns probability distribution function (PDF) to input quantities and output. Efforts have been accomplished to determine uncertainty of measurement of force transducer using both methods

Induction of systemic resistance in banana (Musa spp.) against Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) by combining chitin with root-colonizing Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0

Pseudomonas fluorescens strains CHA0 and Pf1 were investigated for their biocontrol efficacy against Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) in banana (Musa spp.) alone and in combination with chitin under glasshouse and field conditions. Bioformulation of P. fluorescens strain CHA0 with chitin was effective in reducing the banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) incidence in banana under glasshouse and field conditions. In addition to disease control, the bioformulation increased the economic yield significantly compared to the untreated control. Increased accumulation of oxidative enzymes, peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase and phenolics were observed in CHA0 bioformulation amended with chitin-treated plants challenged with BBTV under glasshouse conditions. Indirect ELISA indicated the reduction in viral antigen concentration in P. fluorescens strain CHA0 with chitin-treated banana plants corresponding to reduced disease ratings. The present study revealed that induction of defence enzymes by P. fluorescens with chitin amendment reduced the BBTD incidence and increased bunch yield in banana

Influence of Incomplete Fusion Reaction on Complete Fusion Below 10 Mev/ Nucleon Energies

An attempt has been made in the present work to provide an ample opportunity to explore the information about the influence of incomplete fusion (ICF) reaction dynamics on complete fusion in heavy ion induced nuclear reactions. excitation functions for several evaporation residues produced in the interaction of projectile 16O with target 175lu have been measured over the wide projectile energy range ≈ 70-100 MeV. the recoil-catcher activation technique followed by the offline γ-ray spectroscopy has been used for the present measurements. In case of precursor decay, we have made use of Cavinato et al. formulation to calculate the independent cross-section of the identified residues. the measured efs are compared with theoretical predictions of statistical model code PACE-2 and any enhancement in the measured cross-section from theoretical prediction may be due to ICF reaction process. An attempt has been made to estimate the ICf contribution of the cross-section from the measured excitation function data and the dependence of ICf cross-section on projectile energy

Projectile Break-up Effect on Fusion in 16O + 156Gd Reaction at Energy Range 4.3-6.3 MeV/A

103-108We discuss our present understanding of the incomplete fusion (ICF) reaction dynamics, the excitation function of six evaporation residues (ERs) have been measured in 16O + 156Gd reaction at projectile energy range, E/A ~ 4.3-6.3 MeV/Nucleon. Some of the ERs are produced directly & indirectly (i.e. through pre-cursor), the pre-cursor contributions have been separated out from the measured cumulative cross-section with the help of Cavinato et al.1. After correcting the pre-cursor contribution, the independent yield has been compared with the statistical model code PACE-22, which describes the fusion reaction cross section. In order to optimize the parameter of the code PACE-2 that reproduces the cross section of all the complete fusion (CF) channels like xn and /or pxn-channels. Using the same set of input parameters, cross section of the ERs populated via incomplete fusion (ICF) channels have been measured. The enhancement in the measured cross section of the ERs populated via ICF channels over the PACE-2 prediction have been measured, which indicates the occurrence of the break-up of projectile 16O into (12C+α) and/or (8Be+2α) leading to ICF reaction dynamics